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Summary

Understanding SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) error codes is crucial for effective email deliverability and troubleshooting. These three-digit numerical responses from mail servers indicate the status of an email transaction, whether it's a successful delivery, a temporary issue, or a permanent failure. Interpreting these codes helps diagnose why emails might be bouncing, getting delayed, or failing to reach their intended recipients. While a comprehensive, universally consistent list can be elusive due to variations across different mailbox providers, knowing the general structure and common codes is fundamental for any email sender.

What email marketers say

Email marketers often face practical challenges when dealing with SMTP error codes, primarily due to the sheer volume of emails sent and the varying interpretations of these codes across different mail servers. While they recognize the importance of error codes for troubleshooting, their focus tends to be on actionable steps rather than deep technical dives. Many rely on generalized resources or trial-and-error to understand what specific codes mean for their campaigns.

Marketer view

Email marketer from Email Geeks notes the difficulty in finding a definitive list of all SMTP error codes, suggesting that such a comprehensive resource might not even exist due to the varying implementations across different servers.

10 Jul 2019 - Email Geeks

Marketer view

Email marketer from MailerSend.com emphasizes that while there are many SMTP response codes, the focus should be on the most common ones. They highlight that understanding the general classes of codes (2xx, 4xx, 5xx) provides enough information to troubleshoot most delivery issues.

15 Apr 2024 - MailerSend.com

What the experts say

Email deliverability experts highlight the inherent inconsistencies and complexities involved in interpreting SMTP error codes. They emphasize that while standard RFCs define these codes, real-world implementations by ISPs and mail servers often deviate, making a universal dictionary impossible. The primary takeaway for experts is understanding the actionable implications, particularly differentiating between temporary and permanent failures.

Expert view

Expert from Email Geeks explains that there isn’t a single, definitive list of SMTP error codes because different mail servers and organizations interpret and use them inconsistently. This variability makes a universal reference challenging to maintain.

10 Jul 2019 - Email Geeks

Expert view

Expert from Word to the Wise notes that the common rules of thumb for SMTP codes, such as '4' meaning retry and '5' meaning permanent failure, are largely heuristics. They point out that while these guidelines are useful, many other aspects of interpretation depend on real-world observations and context.

15 Apr 2024 - wordtothewise.com

What the documentation says

Official documentation, primarily through RFCs (Requests for Comments) from the IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force), defines the standard behavior and meaning of SMTP response codes. These documents serve as the authoritative reference for how mail servers should communicate transaction status. While real-world implementations can vary, the RFCs establish the foundational protocol rules that underpin email delivery.

Technical article

RFC 5321 (SMTP) defines the three-digit response codes exchanged between SMTP clients and servers. It specifies that these codes are crucial for indicating the outcome of a command, providing a structured way for machines to interpret success or failure.

01 Apr 2008 - tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5321

Technical article

RFC 3463 (Enhanced Status Codes) details a set of multi-digit status codes that provide more specific reasons for email delivery failures beyond the basic SMTP reply codes. These enhanced codes are designed for clearer diagnostics in Delivery Status Notifications (DSNs).

01 Jan 2003 - tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3463

12 resources

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