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What is DKIM oversigning, how does it work, and why is it important for email authentication?

Summary

DKIM oversigning involves signing email header fields multiple times to enhance security and protect against header manipulation, preventing attackers from injecting or modifying headers without invalidating the signature. It works by calculating hashes using existing headers and null headers, ensuring alterations break the DKIM signature. It primarily aims to invalidate signatures upon header changes, supporting DMARC compliance. Setting up DKIM requires creating key pairs, updating DNS records, and configuring mail servers. The practice improves email deliverability, builds trust with mailbox providers, prevents fraud, and maintains a positive sender reputation. However, DKIM record sizes are limited by DNS providers, necessitating careful configuration.

Key findings

  • Enhanced Header Security: DKIM oversigning protects against header manipulation by signing fields multiple times, making it harder for attackers to inject malicious content.
  • DKIM & DMARC: While DKIM invalidates signatures upon header changes, incorrect configurations can lead to DMARC failures; DKIM supports DMARC goals of domain protection.
  • Complex Setup: Setting up DKIM involves key pair generation, DNS record updates, and careful mail server configurations.
  • Deliverability Boost: Implementing DKIM improves email deliverability by building trust with mailbox providers, reducing spam classification.
  • Prevents Fraud: DKIM helps prevent email fraud and phishing attacks by verifying the authenticity of email senders.
  • Record Size Limits: Valid DKIM record sizes are limited by DNS providers, requiring careful management of DNS records.

Key considerations

  • DMARC Compliance: Understand how DKIM impacts DMARC compliance and ensure proper alignment for effective domain protection.
  • Technical Expertise: Setting up DKIM requires technical knowledge and careful implementation to avoid configuration errors and maintain security.
  • DNS Limits: Be aware of DKIM record size limits imposed by your DNS provider and plan accordingly to avoid issues with signing.
  • Key Management: Follow best practices for key generation, storage, and rotation to prevent unauthorized access and maintain security.
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What email marketers say

9 marketer opinions

DKIM oversigning involves signing email header fields multiple times to enhance security and protect against header manipulation. This technique ensures that attackers cannot inject or modify header fields without invalidating the DKIM signature. It strengthens email authentication, making it more difficult for spammers and phishers to impersonate legitimate senders. By validating the integrity of email headers, DKIM oversigning helps prevent header injection attacks, maintains the trustworthiness of email communications, improves email deliverability, and builds trust with mailbox providers. Ultimately, it plays a crucial role in preventing email fraud and phishing attacks, ensuring secure email communication, and maintaining a positive sender reputation.

Key opinions

  • Enhanced Security: DKIM oversigning adds an extra layer of security, making it harder for attackers to inject malicious headers into email messages.
  • Header Integrity: Oversigning validates the integrity of email headers, preventing header injection attacks and maintaining trustworthiness.
  • Stronger Authentication: DKIM oversigning strengthens email authentication, making it more difficult for spammers and phishers to impersonate legitimate senders.
  • Improved Deliverability: Implementing DKIM helps improve email deliverability by building trust with mailbox providers, ensuring emails reach intended recipients.
  • Fraud Prevention: DKIM helps prevent email fraud and phishing attacks by verifying the authenticity of email senders.
  • Protects Sender Reputation: DKIM is essential for maintaining a positive sender reputation and ensuring successful email campaign delivery.

Key considerations

  • Technical Implementation: Implementing DKIM oversigning requires technical expertise to configure mail servers and DNS records correctly.
  • Performance Impact: Consider the potential performance impact of DKIM oversigning on email processing and delivery times.
  • Compatibility: Ensure that DKIM oversigning is compatible with existing email infrastructure and security policies.
  • Regular Updates: Keep DKIM configurations and implementations up-to-date to address emerging threats and vulnerabilities.

Marketer view

Email marketer from EmailOnAcid shares that using DKIM, with techniques like oversigning, strengthens email authentication, making it more difficult for spammers and phishers to impersonate legitimate senders and improving overall email security.

3 Jan 2024 - EmailOnAcid

Marketer view

Email marketer from StackExchange explains that DKIM oversigning is used to validate the integrity of email headers, which is particularly important for preventing header injection attacks and maintaining the trustworthiness of email communications.

29 Aug 2023 - StackExchange

What the experts say

4 expert opinions

DKIM oversigning involves including header fields multiple times in the DKIM h= field to protect against header manipulation. This can lead to a DMARC failure if attackers add additional header fields. DKIM's primary goal is to invalidate signatures if headers are changed, with DMARC being a secondary consideration. Setting up DKIM is complex, requiring key pair creation, adding the public key to DNS records, and configuring the mail server to sign outgoing emails. Maintaining valid DKIM records is crucial, considering the size limits imposed by DNS providers.

Key opinions

  • DKIM Oversigning Purpose: DKIM oversigning protects against header manipulation by including header fields multiple times in the signature.
  • DMARC Interaction: Incorrect header manipulation with oversigning can lead to DMARC failures.
  • DKIM Primary Goal: DKIM focuses on invalidating signatures upon header changes, with DMARC being a secondary consideration.
  • Setup Complexity: DKIM setup involves generating key pairs, DNS record updates, and mail server configuration.
  • Record Size Limits: DKIM record size limits imposed by DNS providers must be considered for valid configurations.

Key considerations

  • DMARC Impact: Understand the potential DMARC implications of DKIM oversigning configurations.
  • Technical Expertise: DKIM setup requires technical knowledge and careful implementation to avoid configuration errors.
  • DNS Provider Limits: Be aware of DKIM record size limits imposed by your DNS provider and plan accordingly.
  • Security Best Practices: Follow security best practices when generating and managing DKIM keys to prevent unauthorized access.

Expert view

Expert from Email Geeks explains that if fields like To: and CC: appear more than once in the DKIM h= field, it's for oversigning. The second TO: means if bad actors add a second to: field, it might cause a DMARC failure due to a DKIM signature mismatch.

3 Jul 2023 - Email Geeks

Expert view

Expert from Spam Resource explains that a valid DKIM record is limited to 512 bytes, and may be as little as 255, depending on your DNS provider. Using multiple DKIM records will help prevent you going over those limits, so is important to consider

20 Apr 2024 - Spam Resource

What the documentation says

5 technical articles

DKIM, including the practice of oversigning, allows recipients to verify the sender's domain and ensure message content hasn't been altered. Oversigning enhances security by validating that headers remain untampered, preventing spoofing and phishing. DKIM signing improves email deliverability by authenticating the sender, reducing spam classification. It's a crucial component of DMARC, protecting brands from spoofing, and provides a comprehensive email authentication framework alongside SPF, ensuring secure communication.

Key findings

  • Message Verification: DKIM allows recipients to verify the sender's domain and that the message content has not been altered.
  • Enhanced Security: DKIM oversigning enhances security by ensuring headers have not been tampered with.
  • Improved Deliverability: DKIM signing improves email deliverability by authenticating the sender's domain.
  • DMARC Component: DKIM is a crucial component of DMARC, helping protect brands from email spoofing and phishing.
  • Authentication Framework: DKIM, with SPF and DMARC, provides a comprehensive email authentication framework.

Key considerations

  • Implementation: Proper implementation of DKIM is crucial for realizing its security and deliverability benefits.
  • DMARC Integration: Integrating DKIM with DMARC policies enhances domain protection.
  • SPF Alignment: Combining DKIM with SPF provides a more robust authentication system.
  • Regular Monitoring: Regularly monitor DKIM and DMARC reports to identify and address any authentication issues.

Technical article

Documentation from DMARC.org explains that DKIM is a crucial component of DMARC (Domain-based Message Authentication, Reporting & Conformance), which helps domain owners protect their brands from email spoofing and phishing attacks by specifying how email receivers should handle messages that fail authentication checks.

7 Jul 2022 - DMARC.org

Technical article

Documentation from AuthSMTP describes that DKIM signing, which can include oversigning, is crucial for improving email deliverability by authenticating the sender's domain, reducing the chances of emails being marked as spam or phishing attempts.

18 Dec 2024 - AuthSMTP

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    What is DKIM oversigning, how does it work, and why is it important for email authentication? - Technicals - Email deliverability - Knowledge base - Suped